ADHD

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. However, it is neurodevelopmental, which means it begins in childhood. It’s characterized by symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Symptoms of ADHD may present as:

Inattention:

  • Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play
  • Frequent careless mistakes in schoolwork or other activities
  • Often seems not to listen when spoken to directly
  • Difficulty organizing tasks and activities
  • Easily distracted by external stimuli

Hyperactivity:

  • Fidgeting or tapping hands and feet
  • Difficulty remaining seated
  • Running or climbing in inappropriate situations
  • Talking excessively

Impulsivity:

  • Blurting out answers before questions have been completed
  • Difficulty waiting for their turn
  • Interrupting or intruding on others' conversations or games

Diagnosis

ADHD is usually diagnosed based on a combination of subjective and objective measures, neuropsychological testing, tertiary collaboration, and observation by healthcare professionals. There are specific criteria outlined in diagnostic manuals like the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision).

Causes

The exact cause of ADHD isn’t known, but a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors is believed to contribute to its development. Research has demonstrated it can be genetic.

Treatment

Treatment typically includes a combination of behavioral psychotherapy, medication, academic or workplace accommodations, and lifestyle changes. The goal is to manage symptoms and improve daily functioning.

Impact

ADHD can affect various aspects of life, including academic performance, work, relationships, and self-esteem resulting in symptoms of anxiety or depression. However, with proper management and support, individuals with ADHD can lead successful and fulfilling lives.

Differential Diagnoses

The human experience is complex, and as such, many people experience the symptoms of ADHD but do not have ADHD. A neuropsychological evaluation provides an in-depth exploration of the symptoms with the goal at understanding their cause. Sometimes this is ADHD, and sometimes, this is something simpler, or even more complicated.